ABSTRACT This work aimed to characterize 20 isolates obtained from upland rice plants, based on phenotypic (morphology, enzymatic activity, inorganic phosphate solubilization, carbon source use, antagonism), genotypic assays (16S rRNA sequencing) and plant growth promotion. Results showed a great morphological, metabolic and genetic variability among bacterial isolates. All isolates showed positive activity for catalase and protease enzymes and, 90% of the isolates showed positive activity for amylase, catalase and, nitrogenase. All isolates were able to metabolize sucrose and malic acid in contrast with mannitol, which was metabolized only by one isolate. For the other carbon sources, we observed a great variability in its use by the isolates. Most isolates showed antibiosis against Rhizoctonia solani (75%) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (55%) and, 50% of them showed antibiosis against both pathogens. Six isolates showed simultaneous ability of antibiosis, inorganic phosphate solubilization and protease activity. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene all the isolates belong to Bacillus genus. Under greenhouse conditions, two isolates (S4 and S22) improved to about 24%, 25%, 30% and 31% the Total N, leaf area, shoot dry weight and root dry weight, respectively, of rice plants, indicating that they should be tested for this ability under field conditions.

RESUMO Os atributos da microbiota do solo são importantes indicadores de alterações causadas por práticas agrícolas. Foi conduzido um experimento em condição de campo, em um delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da forma de manejo (sistema de semeadura direta - SSD e sistema de plantio convencional - SPC) e da fase de condução da cultura do arroz de terras altas (pré-plantio - PP, floração - FA e pós-colheita - PC) sobre atributos da biomassa microbiana do solo (Cmic, Nmic, RBS, qCO2), atividade enzimática (AET, Aβ-G e AFA) e população de microrganismos (bactérias, fungos, actinobactérias e diazotróficos) em amostras de solo coletadas na profundidade de 0-20 cm, tendo como referência uma área de mata, próxima ao experimento. Os sistemas de cultivo provocaram alterações nos atributos microbiológicos do solo quando comparados com a mata, usada como referência. Foi observado diferença entre os sistemas de manejo para Cmic, RBS e qCO2, sendo que sob SSD os valores de Cmic e qCO2 foram próximos aos observados para a mata. A atividade enzimática do solo não detectou diferença entre SSD e SPD; contudo, foi observado maior AFA no PP. No geral, o número de microrganismos foi maior sob SSD e SPC, comparados à mata, exceto para fungos. As maiores contagens de microrganismos foram observadas no PP, exceto para os actinomicetos cujo maior valor foi observado na PC.

ABSTRACT The attributes of soil microbiota are important indicators of the changes caused by agricultural practices. An experiment was carried out under field conditions in a randomized block design with four replications, with the aim of evaluating the effects of the type of management (a system no tillage - SSD and of conventional tillage - SPC) and the growth stage of upland rice (pre-plant - PP, flowering - FA and postharvest - PC) on attributes of the soil microbial biomass (Cmic, Nmic, BSR, qCO2), enzyme activity (TEA, Aß-G and APA) and population of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, actinobacteria and diazotrophs) in soil samples collected at a depth of 0-20 cm. An area of forest near the experiment was taken as reference. The management systems caused changes in the microbiological attributes of the soil when compared to the reference forest. A difference was found between the management systems for Cmic, BSR and qCO2; under SSD, the values for Cmic and qCO2 were close to those observed for the forest. No difference was detected between SSD and SPD in the enzyme activity of the soil; however, greater values were found for APA at the PP stage. Overall, the number of microorganisms was higher under SSD and SPC compared to the forest, except for fungi. The greatest counts of microorganisms were found at the PP stage, except for actinobacteria, for which the highest value was found at the PC stage.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the tolerance to salinity and temperature, the genetic diversity and the symbiotic efficiency of rhizobia isolates obtained from wild genotypes of common bean cultivated in soil samples from the States of Goiás, Minas Gerais and Paraná. The isolates were subjected to different NaCl concentrations (0%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 6%) at different temperatures (28 °C, 33 °C, 38 °C, 43 °C and 48 °C). Genotypic characterization was performed based on BOX-PCR, REP-PCR markers and 16S rRNA sequencing. An evaluation of symbiotic efficiency was carried out under greenhouse conditions in autoclaved Leonard jars. Among 98 isolates about 45% of them and Rhizobium freirei PRF81 showed a high tolerance to temperature, while 24 isolates and Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 were able to use all of the carbon sources studied. Clustering analysis based on the ability to use carbon sources and on the tolerance to salinity and temperature grouped 49 isolates, R. tropici CIAT899 and R. tropici H12 with a similarity level of 76%. Based on genotypic characterization, 65% of the isolates showed an approximately 66% similarity with R. tropici CIAT899 and R. tropici H12. About 20% of the isolates showed symbiotic efficiency similar to or better than the best Rhizobium reference strain (R. tropici CIAT899). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA revealed that two efficient isolates (ALSG5A1 and JPrG6A8) belong to the group of strains used as commercial inoculant for common bean in Brazil and must be assayed in field experiments.

- O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os perfis de proteína total e o conteúdo das quatro principais frações proteicas (albumina, globulina, prolamina e glutelina) e de aminoácidos no endosperma da espécie de arroz silvestre Oryza glumaepatula. O experimento foi realizado com 29 acessos dessa espécie, coletados em 13 locais no Brasil, e duas cultivares comerciais. Amostras de proteínas foram preparadas com grãos secos, polidos e moídos, para obtenção de uma farinha seca e homogênea, usada no preparo dos estratos. Acessos de O. glumaepatula foram identificados com os maiores níveis de proteína total, frações proteicas de albumina e glutelina, e aminoácidos (com exceção do triptofano), em comparação às duas cultivares de arroz avaliadas. Os perfis de albumina e glutelina em SDS-PAGE foram distintos entre as cultivares de arroz e O. glumaepatula. Essa espécie silvestre tem o potencial de aumentar a qualidade nutricional da proteína de reserva do arroz por meio de cruzamentos interespecíficos.

- The objective of this work was to determine the total protein profile and the contents of the four major protein fractions (albumin, globulin, prolamin and glutelin) and of the amino acids in the endosperm of the rice wild species Oryza glumaepatula. The experiment was performed with 29 accessions of this species, collected from 13 Brazilian locations, and two commercial cultivars. Protein samples were prepared using dried, polished, and ground grains to obtain homogeneous, dry flour used in the preparation of extracts. Oryza glumaepatula accessions were identified with the highest levels of total protein, albumin and glutelin protein fractions, and amino acids (with the exception of tryptophan) in comparison to the two analized rice cultivars. The albumin and glutelin profiles in SDS-Page were distinct between rice cultivars and O. glumaepatula. This wild species has the potential to increase the nutritional quality of rice storage protein through interspecific crosses.